![]() ![]() The swarm intelligence can be described as a system that automatically evolves by simulating the social behavior of organisms, e.g., the social behavior of knowledge sharing. The robustness of PSO results from its use of swarm intelligence to search for the optimal solution to a complex problem. Introduction to particle swarm optimization In each of these two related genes, five SNP combinations were systematically assessed in terms of their potential joint effects on FEP performance. The FEP performance of the PSO-generated SNP barcodes were further assessed by odds ratio (OR) analyses. ![]() ![]() This study applied the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to evaluate the use of specific combinational SNP patterns and their corresponding genotypes, i.e., SNP barcodes, for discriminating between high and low FEP performances in terms of SNP-SNP interactions. Recently, various computational algorithms have been developed to investigate SNP-SNP interactions in numerous association studies. Computational algorithm tools have improved the identification of functional SNPs, but not for the SNP-SNP interaction issue. Although the roles of individual SNPs have been investigated in FEP performance, the roles of SNP-SNP interactions remain unclear.Īccumulating evidence obtained by polygenetic models reveal the joint effects of multiple SNPs in various diseases. Our previous study was the first to explore genetic factors in the associations of these five SNPs with FEP performance. For example, four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs2237717, rs41735, rs42336, and rs1858830) of the MET gene and the rs1130233 SNP of the AKT1 gene have been associated with schizophrenia and with neurocognitive performance. Recent reports show that the Met proto-oncogene (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) (MET) and v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT1) genes have important roles in psychiatric conditions. However, potential genetic associations with FEP performance have not been addressed. In schizophrenia, FEP tends to be deficient, and improvements in FEP are associated with improvements in occupational functioning and independent-living capability. Facial emotion perception (FEP) is a major indicator of social function. ![]()
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